For the record, most people in the U.S. get enough from their daily dietary consumption, according to the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. These include limited access to fresh fish, concerns about environmental contaminants in fish, vegetarian or vegan dietary preferences or the convenience and standardized dosages offered by supplements. While it’s possible to obtain enough omega-3 fatty acids through dietary sources like fish, some people may opt for fish oil supplements for several reasons. Currently, fish oil hasn’t been approved as a treatment for any diseases, disorders or dysfunctions. Limited evidence suggests that ashwagandha may have some benefits for people with diabetes or high blood sugar levels. Ashwagandha may help increase testosterone levels and may have some potential benefits for male fertility. Additionally, a review of four studies found that ashwagandha treatment significantly increased sperm concentration, semen volume, and sperm motility in males with low sperm count. Adjusted for BMI and other covariates, very low testosterone in women was related to appetite problems. The current associations of higher testosterone with sleep problems and fatigue would be in agreement with this line of research. Our findings related to appetite problems would be in line with these findings, although the present results did not support an association between low testosterone and higher level of overall depressive symptoms. In women, a greater number of significant associations were found when using log-transformed values of testosterone. As for the analysis using splines (Supplementary Figs. 3 and 4), the sensitivity analysis supported the results of the main analysis with regard to the association between higher testosterone and sleep problems in men. Depression is largely treatable with evidence-based pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. GP judgements about depression often result in false negatives and false positives.5 While some degree of inaccuracy is inevitable, high rates of false positives or negatives have significant implications. Depression affects nearly twice as many women as men, but men are more likely to die by suicide, drug overdose, and alcohol-related deaths—often referred to as deaths of despair.1 Apart from the nine symptoms of the PHQ, other depressive symptoms were not included in this study which may be counted as a limitation. In addition, two meta-analytic studies also found that testosterone therapy was accompanied by decreasing levels of depressive symptoms in men 9,10. Two meta-analytic studies on testosterone replacement reported that testosterone therapy was accompanied by decreasing levels of depressive symptoms among men 9,10. But major theories point to severe brain damage (CTE) from repeated head trauma, steroid abuse (testosterone), and likely mental health or personal stress issues. At Yunique Medical, our providers take a thorough approach, measuring testosterone levels, evaluating related hormones, and assessing your overall health picture before recommending any interventions. When testosterone levels decline, the effects ripple through multiple systems in your body. A 2021 review concluded that ashwaghanda may help manage depression, anxiety, insomnia, and other mental health-related and neurological issues.